Animals Should Not Be Used for Medical Testing Essay Example for Free

Animals Should Not Be Used for Medical Testing Essay Tina Date: 11/29/2011 Animals should not Be Used for Medical Testing Nowadays, animals are used for medical testing which is hurtful and not necessary. Tens of millions of animals are used each year in federally and privately funded experiments. Do animals feel the same pain that human feel? How do we know that other humans feel pain? We all know that we ourselves can feel pain. We know this from the direct experience of stubbing toe on a chair, or having finger slammed in a drawer. So animals are as same as human. They have feelings about hurt, happiness, and pain either. Therefore, animals should not be used for medical testing because animals have the rights to survive, not a prey for vivisection in laboratories, and there are still having so many ineffective of drugs in the world. Pain is a physical event; something that cannot be observed. Pain is something that is felt, and we can only assume that other humans can feel pain from external indications such crying, screaming, or jerking away from something. If we can justify that other humans feel pain, why do human think that animals do not feel pain by continue using animals for testing? Considering that all living beings possess natural rights that any animals with a nervous system have specific rights to survive in the world. All animals are born equal and they have the same rights as human to existence in this planet. Why do not human save animals instead of killing them by many unnecessary testing? When an animal is poked, burned, or stepped on, they will cry, yelp, or jerk away. Since the external indicators are the same, we can assume that animals feel the same pain that we as humans feel. Today the medical term â€Å"vivisection† is used. Vivisection is defined as â€Å"cutting while still alive†; it is more commonly used today that is performed on animals especially. Charles River Breeding Laboratories, a company owned by Bausch and Lomb, provides 40-50% of the animals used in experiments of laboratories (Mercy For Animals). Medicine testing on animals is inaccurate and does not benefit humans at all. Every single day in a year, animals including, but not limited to, dogs, cats, rabbits, mice, rats, hamsters, rhesus monkeys, and cattle are commonly used for vivisection. Animals are innocent! They are organisms that have the rights to existence and to be respected by humans. They are not prey for vivisection in the laboratories. Vivisection is unethical. Furthermore, testing on animals is unreliable. Human rarely think about the opposite side of their experiments. New drugs can pass safety on animals but this does not mean that human can use these drugs safely because animals and humans do not get the same diseases. Animals’ cells are so different from humans’ cells. For example, Opren drug caused 3500 people to suffer serious side effects including damage to skin, eyes, liver, and kidneys (Tachell). Thalidomide caused about 10,000 birth defects worldwide (CAAT), and Clioquinol caused 30,000 cases of blindness and paralysis and thousands of death (CAAT). Conversely, many drugs that are beneficial to humans are dangerous to animals. Penicillin, which is an antibiotic to humans, kills guinea pigs. Aspirin causes birth defects in rats, mice, monkeys, but it does not harm in humans any way. In the last 15-20 years, it has been estimated that animal testing has decreased 30-50% due to the reduction and replacement techniques (Tachell). The most common alternatives that are used today are: in-vitro tests, computer software, and even human â€Å"clinical tests. † Human have to understand that this planet is not only ours, but the animals as well. Albert Einstein once said, â€Å"Our task must be free ourselves†¦By widening our circle of comparison to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty. † (CAAT) The means of living a healthy and fulfilled life is to embrace and respect all life on this planet. The animals cannot tell the scientist that they do not want to be tested on, but we can. http://www.un.org/en/ http://www.mercyforanimals.org/ http://www. animalliberationfront. com/Philosophy/Animal%20Testing/whyanimaltestingisbad. htm.

Cyrano De Bergerac :: Cyrano De Bergerac Essays

While reading Cyrano de Bergerac, I found myself often wondering whether or not Cyrano had led a happy life. Actually, I never once wondered that, but that is irrelevant, because Cyrano’s happiness is the focus of this essay. Was he happy? Truth be told, I cannot say for sure. If we look upon his life, it would seem that he was a bit of a martyr, always sacrificing his happiness for the sake of others. This is probably the case, but I do not believe that he led his life with his happiness as any sort of goal. That will be a defining case in my argument. What I really believe is that he simply did not care about his happiness. In that sense, he did not so much sacrifice it, as he annexed and divided it when he saw fit. To a further extent, this apathy towards himself probably came from a low self-worth, almost certainly spawned not from his elephantine nose, but the fair maiden Roxanne. Finally, the nose itself, the very icon of de Bergerac, was probably not the problem that Cy rano believed it to be. All of this, however obscure it may seem, is crucial to the question posed of me now. Cyrano’s happiness was not viewed by him with either a favor or a goal. I cannot believe that Cyrano cared about his own happiness whatsoever. Really, that apathy would probably be the only way that he could emotionally accept his dangerously selfless undertakings. Case in point, his giving of Roxanne to the incredibly undeserving Christian. No real happiness in that action. Roxanne and Christian’s, maybe, but certainly not his own, and he loved Roxanne. Had Cyrano actually wanted to be happy, the pangs of grief that he would feel as he gave her away would certainly have ripped him apart. But if Cyrano convinced himself that he did not care about his own happiness, then it would at least take the edge off of those bitter emotions that surely plagued his soul whenever he saw his love’s face. This triggered diffidence, with all the sacrifice that Cyrano made, may have been the only defense mechanism that he had. Continuing on from Cyrano’s carelessness for his happiness, we may easily make a jump to his sense of self-worth. Any man who would sacrifice his own love, thus, his entire world, for the sake of his rival cannot have a concern for himself.

Basic Concepts in Quality Planning and Management

Quality Management (Basic Concepts) 1) What Is Quality? The totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied — ASQ (American Society for Quality) needs. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Performance Reliability Durability Serviceability Aesthetics Features Perceived Quality Conformance to Standards Will the product do the intended job? How often does the product fail? How long does the product last? How easy is it to repair the product? What does the product look like? What does the product do? What is the reputation of the company or its product? Is the product made exactly as the designer intended? Quality Management Slide 2 of 35 1. 1 Components of Quality Customer Quality of Design Product Features vs Customer Requirements Requirements Performance Quality of Specifications Sales and Marketing Product Specifications vs Product Features Quality of Conformance Features Product Product Characteristics vs Product Specifications Design Manufacturing Quality of Performance Product Characteristics vs Customer Requirements Specifications Quality Management Slide 3 of 35 1. 1. Voice of the Customer The term Voice Of the Customer (VOC) is used to describe customers’ needs and their perceptions of your product or service. VOC data helps an organization: †¢ Align design and improvement efforts with business strategy. †¢ Decide what products, processes and services to offer or enhance. †¢ Identify critical features/performance requirements for products, processe s and services. †¢ Identify key drivers of customer satisfaction. Quality Management Slide 4 of 35 1. 1. 2 Kano’s Model of Customer Needs Performance Quality Satisfiers Excitement Quality Noriaki Kano Delighters Basic Quality Dissatisfiers Quality Performance Quality Management Customer Satisfaction Slide 5 of 35 1. 2 Quality is Customer Satisfaction Supplier Metrics †¢ Cycle-Time Customer Needs †¢ Timeliness †¢ Cost †¢ Price †¢ Defect Rate †¢ Quality Quality Management Slide 6 of 35 1. 2 Quality is Customer Satisfaction A â€Å"customer† is anyone who is impacted by the product: 1. External Customers – Include not only the end-users, but also †¢ the intermediate processors (OEMs, distributors, retailers) †¢ non-purchasers who have some connection to the product (government regulatory bodies) . Internal Customers – Include not only other divisions of the company that are provided with components for an assembly, but also †¢ others that are affected (the Purchasing department that receives an engineering specification for a procurement) Quality Management Slide 7 of 35 1. 3 Two Views of Quality Internal View of Quali ty Compare product to specification Get product accepted at inspection Prevent plant & field defects Concentrate on manufacturing Use internal quality measures View quality as a technical issue Efforts coordinated by quality manager External View of Quality Compare product to competition (and BIC) Provide satisfaction over product life Meet customer needs on goods & services Cover all functions User customer-based quality measures View quality as a business issue Efforts directed by upper management Quality Management Slide 8 of 35 2) What is Management? Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, accomplish efficiently selected aims. Quality Management Slide 9 of 35 2. 1 Management Functions Goals of Claimants Use of Resources Reengineering the System What , When Planning How Organizing Who Staffing Leading Controlling Produce Results Quality Management Slide 10 of 35 Facilitate Communication Links 2. 1 Management Functions Strategic Tactical Quality Management Time Spent in Carrying Out Managerial Functions Slide 11 of 35 Controlling Organizing Planning Leading 3) What is Quality Management? Quality management is the process of identifying and administering the activities needed to achieve the quality objectives of an organization. Desired Quality Performance Current Quality Performance Quality Management Slide 12 of 35 3. Juran’s Trilogy CHRONIC WASTE ( opportunity for improvement ) Joseph Moses Juran (1904-2008) †¢ Quality Planning designing products, services and processes to meet new breakthrough goals †¢ Quality Control meeting goals during operations †¢ Quality Improvement creating breakthroughs to unprecedented levels of performance Slide 13 of 35 Quality Management 3. 1 Juran’s Trilogy Quality Planning †¢ Establish quality goals †¢ Identify customers †¢ Discover customer needs †¢ Develop product features †¢ Develop process features †¢ Establish process controls, transfer to operations Quality Control Choose control subjects †¢ Choose units of measure †¢ Set goals †¢ Create a sensor †¢ Measure the actual performance †¢ Interpret the difference †¢ Take action on the difference Quality Improvement †¢ Prove the need †¢ Identify projects †¢ Organize project teams †¢ Diagnose the causes †¢ Provide remedies, prove that the remedies are effective †¢ Deal with resistance to change †¢ Control to hold the gains Quality Management Slide 14 of 35 4) The Need for Quality Management Two primary components of quality: †¢ Product Features †¢ Freedom from Deficiencies Features Deficiencies Price Share Cycle Time Waste Warranty Income Cost Profit Quality Management Slide 15 of 35 4. 1 Drivers for Quality Changing business conditions: †¢ Increasing competition – Customers are not willing to pay for higher quality †¢ Changing customer – Consumer markets commands priority based on volume †¢ Changing product mix – Low-Volume, High-Price > High-Volume, Low-Price †¢ Increasing product complexity – More stringent requirements for reliability †¢ Higher levels of customer expectation – Improved service quality both before and after the sale Quality Management Slide 16 of 35 4. 2 Deming Chain Reaction William Edwards Deming (1900-1993) Quality Management Slide 17 of 35 5) Total Quality Control Armand Villan Feigenbaum (born 1922) Quality Management Slide 18 of 35 5. 1 Key Elements of Total Quality †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Strategically Based Customer Focus Obsession with Quality Scientific Approach Long-Term Commitment Teamwork Continual Improvement of Systems Education and Training Freedom through Control Unity of Purpose Employee Involvement and Empowerment Slide 19 of 35 Quality Management 5. 2 Scope of Quality Management Traditional (Little Q) Emerging (Big Q) Products Manufactured goods All products, goods & services, (whether for sale or not) Processes Processes directly related to manufacture of goods All processes, manufacturing support, business, etc Industries Manufacturing All industries, manufacturing, service, government, etc (whether profit or not) Slide 20 of 35 Quality Management 5. 3 Triple-Role Concept TripleUnder this enlarged concept (Big Q), all jobs encompass three roles for the jobholder: †¢ customer : receives processed information and/or goods †¢ processor : converts inputs into outputs †¢ supplier : delivers resulting products to customers e. g. The Product Development function †¢ receives information on customer needs from Marketing †¢ creates designs for new products †¢ furnishes specifications to Operations Quality Management Slide 21 of 35 5. 3 Triple-Role Concept TripleInput I am Responsible for Quality As a Good Customer I will As a Good Process Owner I will As a Good Supplier I will Output My Supplier My Customer Requirements & Feedback †¢ Agree on & document my requirements with my supplier †¢ Learn & apply the tools of quality – teach others †¢ Understand my customer requirements, agree on, & document my deliverables Requirements & Feedback Return defective inputs to my supplier promptly & tactfully †¢ Continuously improve my process – reduce defects, cycle-time & know benchmarks †¢ Reduce defects & variations in my output †¢ Feed back input quality data to my supplier †¢ Document & display my process, defect levels, & CI projects †¢ Measure my out put quality from my customer’s perspective Quality Management Slide 22 of 35 3. 2. 1 SIPOC Diagram Supplier Input Process Function 1 Output Customer Internal Internal Function 2 External †¦ External Function i †¦ Customer What are my requirements? Function n End-User What are their expectations? Who are my Suppliers? What are my Funtions? Who are my Customers? Exercise 1 Describe the triple-role for the following: †¢ a process engineer †¢ an equipment engineer †¢ a quality manager †¢ an under-graduate For each scenario, identify the key responsibilities for each triple-role. Quality Management Slide 24 of 35 6) The Importance of Quality The first job we have is to turn out quality merchandise that consumers will buy and keep on buying. If we produce it efficiently and economically, we will earn a profit in which you will share. William Cooper Procter (1862-1934) Company Employees Address in 1887 Three issues critical to manufacturing and service: †¢ Productivity †¢ Cost †¢ Quality Quality Management Slide 25 of 35 6) The Importance of Quality Improved Quality †¢ Competitive Advantage †¢ Reduced Cost Less returns, rework and/or scrap †¢ Increased Productivity Increased Profits †¢ Satisfied Customers Quality > Sales > Profit > Jobs Quality Management Slide 26 of 35 6. 1 Cost of Poor Quality GM announces recall April 14, 2009 06:56 PM HUNTSVILLE, AL (WAFF) – General Motors is recalling 1. 5 million vehicles because of potential engine fires. GM says there have been no reports of any fires or injuries. Some of the recalled vehicles are no longer in production. The recall involves vehicles with a 3. 8-liter V6 engine. The government says drops of oil could fall into the exhaust system and cause a fire in the engine. The recall includes the 1998-1999 oldsmobile Intrigue, the 1997-2003 Pontiac Grand Prix, 1997-2003 Buick Regal, and the 1998-2003 Chevrolet Lumina, Monte Carlo and Impala. A gm spokesperson says the recall is just a precautionary measure for consumers. Quality Management Slide 27 of 35 6. 1 Cost of Poor Quality Sony recalls 438,000 laptops on burn concern Fri, Sep 05, 2008 Reuters NEW YORK, US – Japan's Sony Corp has launched a voluntary recall of 438,000 Vaio portable computers, citing a potential hazard that could cause the machines to overheat or possibly burn a user. It is one of the biggest computer recalls since 2006 when Dell Inc recalled 4. 1 million notebook computer batteries because they could overheat and catch fire. Quality Management Slide 28 of 35 6. 1 Cost of Poor Quality Prima Deli chocolate cakes likely cause of food poisoning By Hasnita A Majid, Channel NewsAsia | Posted: 03 December 2007 2259 hrs SINGAPORE: If you've bought chocolate cakes from bakery chain Prima Deli, you should throw them away. The advice comes from the Ministry of Health (MOH) and the Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority (AVA). The two agencies say these cakes are likely to contain a bacteria called Salmonella Enteriditis, which has caused some people to get food poisoning. Salmonella is a group of bacteria that can cause symptoms such as fever, watery diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal pain. 106 people have so far reported getting food poisoning after eating the cakes. Six had to be hospitalised, but have since been discharged. They tested positive for Salmonella Enteritidis. Quality Management Slide 29 of 35 6. 1 Cost of Poor Quality The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster occurred on January 28, 1986, when Space Shuttle Challenger broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, leading to the deaths of its seven crew members. The spacecraft disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of central Florida, United States at 11:39 a. m. EST (16:39 UTC). The Space Shuttle Columbia disaster occurred on February 1, 2003, when the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated over Texas during re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere, with the loss of all seven crew members, shortly before it was scheduled to conclude its 28th mission, STS-107. Quality Management Slide 30 of 35 6. 2 Quality, Costs and Schedules Quality †¢ Emphasis on Quality – Elimination of causes of error and rework Reduction in Costs Improve delivery Schedules †¢ Emphasis on Quality – Unnecessary product features – Unrealistic tolerances – Perfectionism in inspection Increase in Costs Missing delivery Schedules Costs Schedules Will emphasis on Quality have a positive or negative impact on Costs and Schedules? Quality Management Slide 31 of 35 6. 2 Quality, Costs and Schedules Quality is about doing things right the first time and about satisfying customers. But quality is also about costs, revenues, and profits. Quality plays a key role in keeping costs low, revenues high, and profits robust. Perry L Johnson http://www. pji. com/aboutplj. htm Quality Management Slide 32 of 35 7) The Quality Odyssey Transformational change or radical change is different from incremental change. A breakthrough can mean different things to different people. Radical Change Carry-Over Modules from Past †¢ â€Å"As-is† †¢ Minor modifications †¢ 5S †¢ Root causes are not always identified Incremental Change †¢ Quality improvement †¢ Lean Manufacturing †¢ Process flow revisions †¢ Customer focused †¢ Re-design †¢ Creative thinking †¢ Innovation †¢ Six Sigma †¢ Benchmarking †¢ New technology Fix as Fail Self-Inspection †¢ Check †¢ Inspect †¢ Quality Control †¢ Revise Towards â€Å"Best-in-Class† Quality Quality Management Slide 33 of 35 7) The Quality Odyssey Recognize Leaders recognize the need for change and focus on achieving â€Å"Best-InClass† Quality. Define Leaders define the strategy, goals and objectives necessary to pursue â€Å"BestIn-Class† Quality. Organize Steps are taken to measure and analyze the organization’s current position. Improve Deploy strategy by selecting key problem areas, training people, establishing measures, developing solutions, and implementing improvements. Control Determine if improvements are working. If so, establish controls to maintain this new level of Sustain Integrate improvements throughout the organization & standardize best practices. Select new areas for improvement. Alignment between customers’ expectations and the organization’s strategic plan, processes and activities ultimately results in the right things being done right. Quality Management Slide 34 of 35 Recommended Further Reading 1. Juran’s Quality Planning and Analysis for Enterprise Quality Frank Gryna, Richard C H Chua and Joseph A DeFeo McGraw-Hill, 5th Edition, 2005 Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts Quality Management Slide 35 of 35

Juvenile Crime Violence And Violence - 2885 Words

In today’s society, juvenile crime is an increasing issue in the United States. When speaking on juvenile violence there are many different types of violence like youth violence, school violence, dating violence, gang violence. The problem is clear, the solution not so much. What can we do to prevent and or minimize the amount of juvenile violence and crime? Each topic selected compares to one another for example, gang violence leads into school violence, which leads into dating violence, which all wraps up under youth violence. Each of these topics is also different from one another because, they all focus on a different type of violence. Each type of violence can take a life. Whether that life is taken by any weapon of choice or a life taken by the judicial system meaning incarceration. GANG VIOLENCE Gang violence statistics indicate that are down slightly from previous years, but continue to rise since the early part of the decade. According to gang violence statistics, about 60,000 gang-related arrests have been made throughout the past ten years. Gang violence statistics reveal that gang violence among teens and adults is still a growing problem with about 7,184 gang-related arrests being made in 2010 alone followed by about 3,176 convictions throughout the United States. The Federal Bureau of Investigation has 55 field offices with Safe Streets Task Forces that are focused on violent gangs totaling 168 total forces. While gang violence is a growing problem in allShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Crime Violence And Violence2808 Words   |  12 Pagestoday’s society juvenile crime is an increasing issue in the United States. When speaking on juvenile violence there are many different types of violence like youth violence, school violence, dating violence, gang violence. The problem is clear, the solution not so much. What can we do to prevent and or minimize the amount of juvenile violence and crime? Each topic selected compares to one another for example, gang violence leads into school violence, which leads into dating violence, which all wrapsRead More Juvenile Delinquency: Increasing Juvenile Crime and Violence965 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile Delinquency: Increasing Juvenile Crime and Violence These days, children have been exposed to many dangers such as child abuse or kidnapping. This situation has not been improved so far, besides it is getting worse and worse. In present society, parents have to keep their eyes on children anytime because any children are potentially involved in crimes. On the other hand, Furedi, author of Culture of Fear, mentions â€Å"Children are depicted as more and more out of control† (20). ChildrenRead MoreJuvenile Crime and the Influence of Media Violence1463 Words   |  6 PagesJuvenile Crime and the Influence of Media Violence With several arguments for both sides can we truly determine if there is only one main role in juvenile crime? There are many statistics that show there is a higher aggression level formed in people who watched a great deal of violent television or played violent video games as a child. People must begin to consider that there are several contributors to youth crime and violence. Youth crime is often fueled by media violence and can depend on howRead More No Prison Time for Juvenile Crime and Violence Essay882 Words   |  4 Pages No Prison Time for Juvenile Crime nbsp; Students are shooting up schools across the country. Kids as young as twelve and thirteen are being convicted of murdering their peers. Right here in Hanover, two teens have been charged with the murders of Dartmouth professors. Although juvenile crime across the country may not be on the rise, high publicity, headline-grabbing juvenile-perpetrated homicides certainly are. nbsp; Prosecutors, attempting to satiate public demand for justice, haveRead MoreJuvenile Crime and Violence in Schools Essay640 Words   |  3 PagesColumbine High School. This act of violence resulted in not only their own deaths but the deaths of many other innocent students and one teacher. However, this was not the first instance of violence in schools. There have been many other occasions of violent behavior among school age children, some as young as eleven years old, the past few years. We should carefully consider some possible causes of these tragedies, so we can seek a way to end them. Promotion of violence, neglect of troubled childrenRead MoreGang Involvement : Membership, Violence, Crime And Juvenile Delinquency3474 Words   |  14 PagesRunning head: GANGS: MEMBERSHIP, VIOLENCE/CRIME AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Gangs: Membership, Violence, Crime and Juvenile Delinquency By Dominique Dillon St. John’s University CRM 119 Dominique Dillon October 22nd 2014 Running head: GANGS: MEMBERSHIP, VIOLENCE/CRIME AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Annotated Bibliography Alleyne, Emma Wood, Jane L., (2011). Gang Involvement: Social and Environment Factors. Crime and Delinquency 60 (4) 547-568. 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Some risk factors associated with juvenile crime are poverty, repeated exposure to violence, drugs, easy access to firearms, unstable family life and family violence, delinquent peer groups, and media violence. Especially the demise of family life, the effect of the media on the juveniles today, andRead MoreGANG VIOLENCE AND HARSH PENALTIES1465 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Chen March 20 2014 Gang Violence and Harsh Penalties The presence of gang violence has plagued the United States for many years. Although it is more active in some parts of the country than others, gang violence affects every American: either monetarily as a taxpayer or directly as a victim. Regardless, it is a concern of every individual; therefore, the criminal justice system has been addressing it for years in different ways. The approach of emphasizing harsh punishments has been implementedRead MorePoverty and a Lack of Education are Fueling Juvenile Crime A 6 page essay arguing that juvenile crime is directly related to poverty and poor education.1698 Words   |  7 PagesPoverty and a Lack of Education are Fueling Juvenile Crime In the early 1960s, the epidemic of juvenile crime began to take shape. The problem of juvenile crime is becoming an increasingly pressing matter in America. Anyone who watches the news on television or reads the newspapers is well aware of the urgency and intensity of Americas juvenile crime problem. Effectively establishing the causes of juvenile crime may help to deter it in the future. A proper solution cannot be executed until the