Computer-Controlled Systems Theory and Design

Question: Discuss about the Computer-controlled systems for theory and design? Answer: Introduction The most important equipment of a computer system are input and output devices. Input devices are used to insert some data into the system for the required calculation work. Output devices are used to obtain calculated data from the computer system in a desired format. Basic examples of input devices are keyboard, mouse, etc., and some basic output devices are monitor, printer and others (Baecker, 2014). All regular computer-human interactions require both input and output devices. In other words, input and output devices form a bridge between the real world and the computers system world comprising of collection of bits (Levy Eckhouse, 2014). The fundamental objective of input-output devices is the transfer of information between physical brain of human and the silicon brain of the computer. This research paper is based on the analysis of the working procedures of input and output devices and the methods to be followed to increase the speed and efficiency of human-computer interact ion (Gordon et al., 2012). Some recommendations are also provided to develop new devices to increase capabilities to perform more operations and applications as per requirements in a fast and efficient manner. Problem Statement There are two kinds of input-output devices local and remote. Local devices are directly connected to the main system and remote devices connect to the main system through some other devices like routers or through the wireless networks (Nanayakkara et al., 2013). Problems arise when a large number of input-output devices are connected to the system at once, especially in remote connections (Kim, 2012). When several inputs are inserted together through the input devices, the operations in the process may get slowed down or even cause errors. In addition, if there is a transmission failure, the remote input-output system may get closed down completely. Thus, the remote devices depend solely on the transmission medium for successful operation. Moreover, if there are no restrictions imposed, remote devices may be used for unauthorized activities (Helander, 2014). Problems also arise when a huge number of remote and local devices are connected to the system, which mainly due to the bulk amount of data transmission into the system. Research Goals The main goal of this research is to analyze the input and output devices and their operations. In addition, this research is connected to the efficiency and significances of the devices in the human-computer interaction process (Stair Reynolds, 2013). The main objectives are: Analysis of the benefits of input-output devices in computer system Analysis of internal characteristics of input-output devices Analysis of future usages of input and output devices and ways to increase their speed and efficiency Relevance of Research With the innovation of new hardware and software and evolution of the general computer system, the overall system configurations and the programming operations are getting more and more complex (Jain et al., 2012). Hence, a situation have arisen such that innovations must be made regarding the input and output devices in order to perform the changing requirements of operations. With the evolution of the software system and applications, there is need to upgrade the input and output devices to perform the required operations (Levy Eckhouse, 2014). This is why, there is a huge opportunity to conduct a research on input output devices to find ways to improve their operation speed and efficiency. In addition, research works can be conducted on the remote devices to innovate ways for their safe and fast operations (Helander, 2014). Literature Review Along with the storage device, the input and output devices are collectively termed as peripherals. After an input data is given to the system via an input device, the central processor makes calculations using data (Stair Reynolds, 2013). After that, the output data can be obtained via an output device. Thus, input and output devices are essential for the successful transmission and operation of the data. Some key input and output devices are discussed as follows. Input devices Keyboard This device is used to type a particular data in the computer screen needed for required calculation process. However, physical keyboards are becoming obsolete with the increasing popularity of hand-held and compact computer systems (Jain et al., 2012). Most of these systems have a touch screen feature in which, virtual keyboards are used for the input of text or numerical data. Mouse This particular device is used for selection operations in the system. The operation methods are selected using the input from the mouse. Use of mouse is getting more and more reduced nowadays since these operations can easily be done with the touch of a finger directly on the screen or a touchpad in some systems (Levy Eckhouse, 2014). Scanner This device is used to extract data from a printed source. The system automatically obtains data from the source and hence, no additional inputs are necessary (Isermann, 2013). Barcode and Card Reader These devices obtain encrypted data from a source and decrypt it within its system for conducting required operation (Kim, 2012). Many other input devices are used apart from these, which have their own functions. With the evolution of hardware and software of computer systems, the input methods have also undergone significant changes and many of conventional input devices are becoming more and more obsolete (Helander, 2014). New input methods are being introduced which are more compatible with modern day systems. Output devices Output devices is mainly a computer peripheral. Generally, there are two kinds of output devices, the softcopy device and the hardcopy device. The softcopy devices provide output in a sense receptive way, for example, audio (speakers) and visual (monitors) (Stair Reynolds, 2013). The hardcopy devices are those that provide output in a physical form like printout. The most significant output device is the printer. Nowadays, the softcopy devices are most useful since data exchange is mostly done in the wireless media. During conduction of this research, the researcher has analyzed the strength and weaknesses of each of the input and output devices (Levy Eckhouse, 2014). Input devices like keyboard and mouse are more useful in computer education level, although the proper use of keyboard requires typing proficiency (Jain et al., 2012). Sometimes, the mouse can also be tricky to use for the beginners. Other input devices like barcode reader, joystick, etc. require special software or interface. Some non-physical input devices like speech reader are also used but they have very limited database and vocabulary. Output devices are vital to obtain the calculated data needed for a particular requirement (Astrom Wittenmark, 2013). Physical device like printer is very important to obtain a hard copy of the obtained data. With the evolution of the computing system, lesser hard copies are used and calculated data are directly transmitted via wireless networks to save time and avoid casual errors (Jain et a l., 2012). This is why, physical output devices are finding lesser usage in the modern computing system. Since most of the conventional input and output devices are becoming obsolete, the more feasible and modern input and output techniques are to be developed and further upgraded to make them more compatible with modern computer systems (Stair Reynolds, 2013). The modern input and output devices, which involve transmission of data via public networks, are to be designed in such a way that they transmit data in a secure way (Isermann, 2013). In primitive computer systems, only physical input and output devices like a monitor, keyboard, mouse and CPU. In the prototype and the initial models, these devices consumed a large amount of space (Kim, 2012). In addition, data calculations were extremely slow and inaccurate (Helander, 2014). Thus, those primitive systems were very unreliable and hard to use. In modern computer system, devices are designed in such a way that they consume least amount of space and calculate data very accurately within the fraction of a second. What huge block of systems could not do, small microchips can perform it quickly and accurately (Levy Eckhouse, 2014). For further reduction of space and size of device, physical input and output devices are excluded from modern systems and virtual devices are introduced in which, input can be given and output can be obtained with the touch of a finger. Further research works are necessary to redesign and evolve the virtual devices in an even broader sense to increase their applications and feasibility in future computer systems (Kim, 2012). Synchronous and Asynchronous Operations of Input-Output System Synchronous and asynchronous input/output procedures are the two essential working modes for a specific input-output device system (Hinckley et al., 2014). During synchronous operation, the physical data exchanges are not synchronized or interlocked with the execution of a project's data operations. For instance, as cited by Boell Cecez-Kecmanovic (2012), a client using a typewriter will be permitted to sort messages into a definite framework before the execution of the read articulations, which will be utilized by them; and according to Patterson Hennessey (2013), each and every execution of a read proclamation just culls the next enduring message of a data buffer. This illustration of asynchronous information is similar to buffered read-ahead plans, which have been utilized with tapes, discs and so forth (Astrom Wittenmark, 2013). A sample of asynchronous yield is the gathering of yield in a central buffer until some physical record size is found (Helander, 2014). In the synchro nous mode, the physical exchange is connected with a project's input-output operation, and is done according to the given statement (Stair Reynolds, 2013), i.e., control does not come back to the system until the actual exchange is finished (Levy, 2014). For instance, according to Isermann (2013), a user, using a typewriter, would not be permitted to sort data (in case of locked keyboard) until the read explanation is found. As opined by Siewiorek Swarz (2014), for a specific stream, the input and output modes are autonomous; for instance, the input data may be interlocked but not the output. The modes are declarable both before and amid execution by calls to the UIM (Jain et al., 2012). Suitable translation of these modes seems feasible for numerous associated streams and gadgets. Foundation of a mode adds up to figuring out which framework module in the chain starts the return to the client program. Under most circumstances, asynchronous input-output procedure is the most profic ient (Vazirani Vidick, 2014). The synchronous or interlocked input-output data is valuable when an administrator or client attention is required, and most imperative when a client is communicating with an un-debugged, weird, or numerous expanded system (Isermann, 2013). The synchronous mode ought to be forced on a remote terminal at whatever point a stream is not connected with the terminal, i.e., when there is no system to receive transmitted messages. Research Methodology A most important part of any research work is the research methodology. A particular research strategy is important to determine the path in which the research will be conducted. In addition, following a definite research methodology helps in obtaining useful data without much effort (Booth, 2014). In this particular research, data has been obtained from reliable sources like journals and works of reputed researchers in this field. Related works of reputed researchers have been explored to analyze the subject to obtain the most useful data. Suitable acknowledgements have also been provided (Stair Reynolds, 2013). Many reputed scholars and researchers have explored the subject of input and output devices and provided possible solutions for the problems and improvements. These evaluations and analyses have been taken into account while conducting this research and further issues have been addressed (Aviram et al., 2012). For the main examination procedure of this research, online survey has been the main source for data gathering. Besides, the written work review is considered as the discretionary data for the examination. The researcher quantitative data collection technique for this research study. The subjective data assembled gives theoretical idea of examination technique while the quantitative data accumulated presents the accurate consequence of the examination (Venables Ripley, 2013). In this research, the essential information gathered from numerous sources can be considered for the further research on the same subject. Research Summary Input and output device is the computer peripheral which is used to input the data in a system and gating output from this system. All regular computer-human interactions require both input and output devices. This research work mainly focuses on the evolution and significance of input and output devices in modern computer systems. The original input and output devices are discussed in this research work as well as the modern day systems. Moreover, the significances and compatibilities of existing physical devices in current computing system are examined. The researcher present some previous research article to support this research study in the literature review section and clearly discussed the research process or methodology in the research methodology section. A close analysis has been done on the existing works on input and output devices and results of further studies are discussed as well as scope for even further studies are mentioned. Future Research This research paper can be further explored in future to develop better input and output devices, which will be more efficient in handling bulk data and help secure transmission of input and output data. Alternative input and output devices can be designed to meet requirements of changing software operations. This research paper may also act as a guide for the future researchers to understand the operations and significance of the working input and output devices and how they can be modified further. Modern day computers are evolving; more and more compact computer devices like laptops, palmtops and smartphones are being invented. These systems are easier to carry and use. These small devices are limiting the uses of conventional input devices like keyboard, mouse, etc. Hence, new compact input devices are to be invented to fit into these compact systems. Direct input methods like touch screen, and speech to text are becoming very popular lately, and hence, more research works can be conducted to increase the usability of touch screens and other direct input processes. Furthermore, researches can be conducted to replace physical connection between system and the devices with wireless connections. This research paper can be used as a basis for all the suggested future research works. Conclusion From this research, it can be concluded that the most important equipment of a computer system are the input and output devices without which, no data transmission can be conducted between the computer system and the physical world. Input and output devices can be connected to the main system via physical connection or wireless networks. Wireless connections are generally needed to establish remote connections. With the evolution of the basic programming and applications in the computer system, more advanced input and output devices are needed to perform required operations efficiently. With the growing popularity of compact computer systems, new input and output methods like touch screen are to be explored more to increase their usage and efficiency in daily operations. References Astrom, K. J., Wittenmark, B. (2013).Computer-controlled systems: theory and design. Courier Corporation. Aviram, A., Weng, S. C., Hu, S., Ford, B. (2012). Efficient system-enforced deterministic parallelism.Communications of the ACM,55(5), 111-119. Baecker, R. M. (Ed.). (2014).Readings in Human-Computer Interaction: toward the year 2000. Morgan Kaufmann. Boell, S. K., Cecez-Kecmanovic, D. (2012). Conceptualizing Information Systems: from'Input-Processing-output'Devices to Sociomaterial Apparatuses. InECIS(p. 20). Booth, P. 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